Objectives: The etiology of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis is poorly understood, with limited research on postural factors. This study aims to identify postural risk factors by comparing the sitting postures of students with and without scoliosis. Methods: Using a causal-comparative design, 72 female students aged 13 to 14 were selected and divided into two groups based on scoliosis presence. Scoliosis was identified via Adam’s test and static postural assessment. Postural factors, including cervical rotation, cervical lateral flexion, and paper location, were measured during writing. Data were analyzed using SPSS with descriptive and inferential statistics, including Mann-Whitney U and Chi-Square tests, as well as quantile regression to assess the effects of cervical rotation and cervical lateral flexion on trunk rotation. Results: Significant differences were found in head position and writing paper location between groups (P<0.05). Students with scoliosis exhibited a rotated head position with side bending (P<0.05). Quantile regression analysis showed significant associations between cervical lateral flexion and angle of trunk rotation, as well as cervical rotation and angle of trunk rotation (p<0.05). Conclusions: Sitting posture characterized by a rotated head position accompanied by side bending is associated with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Further research is needed to explore the causal relationship.

Musculoskeletal pain represents an important cause of medical care and disabilities worldwide. The pathophysiology of musculoskeletal pain of mechanical origin is divided into 4 phases that include the pathophysiological mechanisms from the activation of the nociceptors to the reception and interpretation of the nociceptive stimulus in the cortical centers. However, there are factors that precede nociceptive activation, which we have called pre-nociceptive mechanical factors. The objective of this manuscript is to establish a theoretical framework on the implications that pre-nociceptive mechanical factors have in the origin and perpetuation, as well as the management of musculoskeletal pain. Mechanical overload and functional alteration of the musculoskeletal system are factors that precede and may favor the activation of the nociceptive cascade. Mechanical overload occurs when the magnitude of the load exceeds the capacity of the musculoskeletal system. Likewise, a dysfunctional musculoskeletal system has a poor adaptive capacity to the mechanical loads it faces and this predisposes it to generate functional compensations; in both cases, tissue overload, micro-structural damage, inflammation, tissue sensitization and tissue degeneration or macro-structural damage may occur in the long term. Both factors must be considered when implementing therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal pain of mechanical origin.

The shoulder girdle, a complex anatomical structure, plays a pivotal role in upper limb mobility and function. Congenital disorders of the shoulder girdle encompass a spectrum of rare developmental anomalies that affect the structure and function of the clavicle, scapula, and surrounding musculature, ranging from mild deformities to severe structural impairments. These conditions can lead to deformities, impaired mobility, and functional limitations, often impacting patients from early childhood. This narrative review explores etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic strategies, and treatment options for congenital disorders such as Sprengel’s deformity, cleidocranial dysplasia, glenoid hypoplasia, os acromiale, humerus varus, congenital deltoid fibrosis and congenital clavicle pseudarthrosis. By providing a comprehensive overview, this review aims to improve early recognition and management of these disorders.

Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS), is a benign disease, characterized by serum monoclonal protein (M protein) levels <3g/dl, clonal plasma cells <10% in the bone marrow, and the absence of symptoms of plasma cell disorders (e.g., hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, anemia, and bone lesions). This review studied the association between MGUS and bone disease. A search was performed through 3 databases: PubMed, Embase, and Science Direct, and was made for retrospective, prospective or cohort studies written in the English language, with a sample of adults both males and females, with all their content freely available, and published between 2000-2023. After checking the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 articles were included in the review. MGUS was associated with a high fracture risk due to low bone mineral density, trabecular and cortical abnormalities at the radius, peripheral neuropathy from falls, and undetected progression of MGUS to multiple myeloma. Even before the development of myeloma, MGUS increases the risk of vertebral fractures. Understanding this relationship and addressing both MGUS and bone health is crucial to ensure the overall well-being of these patients. Regular monitoring and appropriate management can reduce the risk of fractures and provide a well-being of higher quality.

A class of isoenzymes known as alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) is mainly found on the cell membrane’s outer layer. Their main function is to catalyze the hydrolysis of organic phosphate esters present in the extracellular space. Zinc and magnesium serve as important co-factors for this enzyme. ALPs have distinct physiochemical features and are real isoenzymes, catalyzing similar processes. ALP is cytosolic in the liver and can be found in hepatocyte canalicular membranes. ALPs are also found in other organs (placenta, ileal mucosa, kidney, and bone). The majority of ALP concentration in serum (>80%) is derived from the liver and bone, with lower quantities from the intestines. While ALPs play a crucial role in processes such as phosphate metabolism and bone mineralization, the exact physiological function of ALPs remains largely unknown. Further research is necessary to fully understand their functions and regulatory mechanisms across different tissues.